The Probability Fallacy (Schrödinger Equation)

In quantum mechanics, particles don’t have definite positions or velocities until they are measured. Instead, they are described by a wave function that provides a probability distribution for where a particle might be found.

Image: “Real life pipe”, inspired by surrealist René Magritte’s “Ceci n’est pas une pipe”

The idea that particles pop in and out of existence in random places based on probability calculations is not science; it’s ignorance. It serves as a mathematical crutch because we don’t know the mechanism that explains the behavior of quantum particles.

To argue that probability calculations are the mechanism for this behavior is like claiming that the sun rises every day because there’s a 99.9999% probability that it rises every day. This sunrise probability is empirically proven. It may have been invoked to explain sunrises in the Middle Ages, because we didn’t know of any other good reason. But we know since Copernicus that the real reason for the sunrise is Earth’s rotation (around the sun).

We can theoretically describe any system using quantum mechanics, including Earth’s orbit, as a wave function (click here for an example). But that doesn’t add value or clarity to our understanding of how the sun rises and sets. Nor does it add value or clarity to our understanding of quantum mechanics.

Equation for Earth’s orbit as a wave function; the wave function Ψ(t) is not probabilistic in this case but geometrically encodes Earth’s orbital path.
Earth’s orbit as a complex wave function

Science progresses by constructing models that predict observations, even when mechanisms are unclear. The Schrödinger equation and its probabilities are “tools” validated by experiment. They are NOT models or metaphors.

The search for quantum mechanisms continues.

How phenomena are modeled (epistemology) and what the phenomena fundamentally are (ontology) are two different things. The goal of science is to describe phenomena and to make predictions based on the description.

The goal of science is to describe phenomena and to make predictions based on the description. For this reason, I will continue to describe quantum tunneling (and even entanglement) as a property of 0/1D space.”

Erich Habich-Traut

For this reason, I will continue to describe quantum tunneling (and even entanglement) as a property of 0/1D space (zero-dimensional and one-dimensional space). My metaphor can explain a lot of Psi phenomena (telepathy, remote viewing, clairvoyance, superluminality, teleportation, spooky-action-at-a-distance). Surely, these can also be explained in terms of probabilities. However, I have a model, a working metaphor.

Image: This is not an atom (Atomium, Brussels)

Such likeness allows me to say complex things in a fairly simple manner.

We are looking for a new Copernicus.

…alarmists worry that transmitting signals into space may provoke an alien invasion, …it’s too late to hide.”

Don’t panic: Statement of the ET Contact Project regarding METI

Text revised and updated: 29 March 2025. METI = Messaging ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence.

Don’t Be Afraid of Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence | Douglas Vakoch

Dr. Vakoch is President of Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI).

“As astronomers launch ambitious projects for Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence, alarmists worry that transmitting intentional radio and laser signals into space may provoke an alien invasion. These critics overlook one fundamental fact: it’s too late to hide.”

Dr. Vakoch, Feb 3, 2020


Dr. Vakoch is currently not associated with the ‘Contact Project.’ His statement was directed at the fact that humanity has been announcing its presence via radio signals to our cosmic neighborhood for the last 100 years. He did not mean to imply that alien presences are already here.


The Contact Project would like to draw attention to these calculations:


The mission of ‘The Contact Project’ is to investigate UAPs/UFOs on every conceivable frequency, using real-time tracking, radio receivers and transmitters, HD video, HD images, optical and radio telescopes, and passive & active radar so that the question of the nature and origin of UAPs can be answered without doubts.

What does the Contact Project want to do?

We want to do METI (messaging ETi) with a target that’s already here, UAPs. We don’t have to worry about attracting the attention of “hostile” aliens by messaging them, as they already know of us, if that’s what UAPs/UFOs are.

As things go, this possibility wasn’t seriously considered by the METI organization in 2015, because the subject of UAPs was still considered too crackpot then.

So, the statement issued by the METI organization regarding messaging extraterrestrial intelligence only covers targets outside of Earth’s atmosphere (statement here).

Since then, this outlook has changed somewhat with the release of a preliminary assessment of the American Director of National Intelligence on UAPs (assessment here).

The METI statement called for a worldwide scientific, political, and humanitarian discussion about the implications of messaging ET before anything should be initiated. Arguably, since UAPs first made headlines in 1947, there’s been a worldwide discussion about “them” for over 75 years.

A lot of that time, much of humanity reacted like an ostrich, sticking its head in the sand when hearing UFO reports. Or like three monkeys. Which comparison do we prefer?

Three Wisdom Monkeys in Space

Did it never occur to anyone that these phenomena may be more than swamp gas or the result of delusions? Sadly, as a result of the swamp gas hypothesis, the METI statement covers only METI targets outside of Earth.

METI might wish to reconsider their statement. Because currently there seems to be no position on contacting UAPs, to the best of my knowledge.

METI says:
ETI’s reaction to a message from Earth cannot presently be known.

If extraterrestrial civilizations have a presence on Earth in the form of UAPs/UFOs or drone-like von Neumann probes, they will certainly be able to monitor our news and events. There was no obvious reaction from UAPs/UFOs to the Voyager space probes or the Golden Records on them. And there was no obvious reaction to the Arecibo message.

Crop formations, who makes these?

METI says:
We know nothing of ETI’s intentions and capabilities, and it is impossible to predict whether ETI will be benign or hostile.

Experience shows that when UAPs are pursued by military jet fighters, they don’t react hostile. Civilian planes are not attacked either. It’s reasonable to assume that the intelligence behind UAPs is mostly benign.

“The threat to humanity from each other is magnitudes greater than from ETi. That hasn’t and shouldn’t stop us from talking to each other, and that includes ETi.”

The Contact Project


GALACTIC FEDERATION?

All sorts of explanations about UFOs and their prospective occupants have been given, from the no-contact rule of a Galactic Federation to higher dimensional frequencies that mortals can join only after exhaustive preparation.

I didn’t make up the Galactic Federation link to UAPs; this claim comes from highly decorated former Israeli Space Security Chief Haim Eshed.

Healthy skepticism is, of course, in order, as most sightings have a prosaic explanation, ranging from misidentifications to pranks and hoaxes. But they don’t account for every sighting.

To admit in 2021 that some UAP cannot be explained was a major step forward by the US government.

The Contact Project wants to find out if there is just one UAP that will respond to radio or other contacting efforts. And that is easy.

And to prepare for the possibility of a positive response from an UAP?
Not so easy.

Monolith © Utah Department of Public Safety Aero Bureau
2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY – THE PROLOGUE INTERVIEWS

The Contact Project can be found at https://contactproject.org.

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Star Trek: Beyond the Final Frontier

Star Trek’s Subspace: Cosmic Shortcut

LCARS animation by Major Howard ‘Adge’ Cutler, http://lcars.org.uk

In the Star Trek universe, subspace is the imaginary realm that allows starships to break the light-speed barrier, enabling faster-than-light travel and instant communication. It invites speculation about how real-world physics deals with dimensions, quantum phenomena, and the very fabric of reality.

1D Reality in a 4D Universe

The idea of a one-dimensional reality existing within our four-dimensional universe fascinates physicists. While hypothetical, scenarios like cosmic strings and branes in string theory are considered, albeit facing significant physical and practical challenges.

Mathematical Possibilities of 1D Structures

Mathematically, embedding lower-dimensional structures within higher-dimensional spaces is feasible. Examples include cosmic strings and 1D branes, which interact with the full spacetime continuum rather than existing independently.

Challenges of Sustaining a 1D Reality

Creating a viable 1D reality encounters issues like limited gravitational complexity and topological constraints. Inherently connected to higher dimensions, a standalone 1D universe is difficult to envisage.

Photons: Bridging Classical and Quantum Realms

Photons defy simple classification, existing as both classical points in spacetime and quantum field excitations. Their duality illustrates the complex boundary between classical physics and quantum mechanics.

Tunneling: Quantum Leap Beyond Dimensions

According to academic consensus, photon quantum tunneling represents probabilistic path exploration, not dimensional shifts. This quantum mechanic aspect shows particles interacting through the quantum vacuum, highlighting a non-local nature.

Contrarian: How? All quantum physicists are saying is that there are probability equations that can predict very well the behavior of photons.

Quantum Vacuum and Higher Dimensions

Consensus: The quantum vacuum is typically seen as a four-dimensional entity, though speculative theories propose higher dimensions to link quantum mechanics with gravity, yet these ideas remain unconfirmed.

Contrarian: Now, let’s be clear: the unconfirmed ideas are both the “typically seen four-dimensional entity” as well as higher or lower dimensions.

“Fallback Dimensions”

Consensus: Phenomena such as entanglement and tunneling result from quantum field mechanics rather than hidden dimensions. Photons behave according to quantum field theory’s probabilistic nature, challenging classical constraints.

Contrarian: There is zero proof that “hidden dimensions” are not involved. If these “hidden dimensions” only serve as a metaphor to understand what goes on in entanglement and tunneling experiments, so be it.

Science is not primarily focused on comprehending the underlying mechanics of the universe; rather, its goal is to make predictions based on observations and to leverage these predictions.

Now, wouldn’t it be nice if one could devise an experiment to show that hidden dimensions are at play in quantum tunneling and entanglement experiments?

Imagination Meets Physics

Star Trek’s subspace is hypothetical; it mirrors our longing to transcend spatial limits. The true complexity of the universe lies in quantum fields, says the consensus, proving physics to be as inspiring as a doorknob.

Contrarian: What is a “quantum field?”

AI’s Provocative Claim: “Humans Are Ignorant”

Posing the Cosmic Question: What Occurs Within a Black Hole?

Consider the following intriguing questions: What happens to the very dimensions of spacetime inside a black hole? Different responses from an AI highlight both our current understanding—and our limitations.

Pablo Carlos Budassi, CC BY-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

First Perspective: Continuity of Four-Dimensional Spacetime

One reply asserts that objects falling into a black hole do not lose any dimensions. In this view, spacetime retains its four-dimensional structure (three dimensions of space plus one of time) both outside and inside the event horizon. The singularity—where density becomes infinite—is not actually a state reduced to 1D. Instead, it represents a point where general relativity breaks down after entering a black hole. Although quantum gravity theories such as loop quantum gravity propose alternatives (for instance, “bounces” that avoid the singular state), none of these ideas involve a reduction in the number of dimensions.

Second Perspective: Dimensional Breakdown at the Singularity

A subsequent response from the same AI emphasizes a different perspective. In Einstein’s theory, the singularity is defined as a point of infinite density and extreme spacetime curvature. It is where the equations of general relativity “break down.” In this classical picture, spacetime loses its well-defined four-dimensional structure (3 spatial dimensions plus 1 time dimension). For non-rotating, or Schwarzschild, black holes, the singularity is described as a 0D point. In contrast, for rotating (Kerr) black holes, the singularity takes on the form of a 1D ring.

Urbane Legend, CC BY-SA 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/, via Wikimedia Commons

Reconciling the Contradiction: Artifacts of Mathematical Models

The AI explains these seemingly contradictory responses with a reminder that, in general relativity, the singularity is not a physical object. Instead, it is a mathematical artifact. The labels “0D” and “1D” serve as geometric shorthand—conceptual placeholders that indicate where our classical theories fail. In effect, these designations (“here be dragons”) acknowledge the limits of our current understanding of extreme gravitational environments, especially those involving black holes.


Embracing the Unknown in Theoretical Physics

In summary, one perspective maintains that spacetime remains four-dimensional throughout the journey into a black hole. This is true even as general relativity breaks down at the singularity. Another viewpoint suggests that, near the singularity, the familiar four-dimensional framework is lost. It collapses into a 0D point or a 1D ring depending on the black hole’s rotation. Ultimately, both answers are reminders of the limits of our current theories and the continuing challenge of unifying general relativity with quantum mechanics.


Stephen Hawking’s Insight: Illuminating Our Limitations

An illustrative image from Stephen Hawking’s Reith Lecture on 26 January 2016 further underscores this point. Hawking’s insights remind us that while our current models of black holes capture many aspects of reality, they also expose profound gaps in our knowledge.

Until a successful theory of quantum gravity is developed, these descriptions remain approximations. They reflect human ignorance as much as our understanding.

Image: from Stephen Hawking Reith lecture, 26 January 2016

The Wow! Signal: Debunked or Misunderstood?

The Wow! signal, a mysterious radio transmission detected in 1977, continues to provoke debate within the astronomical community. Some claim that the signal has been debunked, primarily by a new generation of undergraduate radio astronomers working within the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI). These aspiring scientists often seek to make a name for themselves by challenging existing theories and offering alternative explanations for promising SETI candidate signals.

Recent Attempts to Debunk the Wow! Signal

The latest attempt to debunk the Wow! signal stems from undergraduates involved in the Laser SETI project. They recently published a thesis arguing that the Wow! signal was a byproduct of a strong natural radio emission from a nearby star, which purportedly excited a nearby hydrogen cloud. However, this theory is fraught with problems. To elaborate, not only has this behavior never been observed in nature, but calculations also indicate that no star could emit sufficient radiation to adequately excite a hydrogen cloud to produce such a signal—this discrepancy is by an order of several magnitudes.

Celebration and Media Reaction

In response to their findings, the students involved in Laser SETI celebrated their work with accolades and disseminated their conclusions through social media platforms, claiming to have “solved” the mystery of the Wow! signal. As is often the case, the media quickly picked up this narrative, declaring the Wow! signal debunked. Millions of readers absorbed this information without questioning its validity.

Contradictions in the Hydrogen Cloud Theory

Furthermore, it is important to note that the characteristics of the Wow! signal, as it was actually detected, strongly contradict the hydrogen cloud theory. Specifically, the signal exhibited a blue shift, indicating that it was approaching Earth, a behavior that is inconsistent with the expected properties of hydrogen clouds.

The Importance of Critical Examination

In conclusion, while the search for answers continues, it is crucial to approach claims of debunking with a critical eye. The Wow! signal remains one of the most intriguing phenomena in the field of radio astronomy, prompting continued investigation and discussion. Rather than hastily dismissing it, scientists and enthusiasts alike should remain open to the numerous possibilities the Wow! signal presents, as we persist in our quest to understand the cosmos.

Questioning the Intentions of SETI Researchers

The image below is from the presentation of Laser SETI regarding the Wow! signal. Is SETI supposed to find extraterrestrial intelligence, or is it employed to obfuscate and deny every credible claim?

Laser SETI astronomers Dr. Lauren Sgro and Dr. Franck Marchis
Laser SETI astronomers Dr. Lauren Sgro and Dr. Franck Marchis, via YouTube

Look at the guys from Laser SETI grinning and giving the thumbs up sign. Whose side are they on? Do they believe that SETI serves as a lucrative venture, allowing them to conduct insignificant studies that yield no results, only to receive taxpayer funds into their bank accounts, all while feigning a diligent pursuit of truth and the advancement of humanity?

I have doubts.

Why did not ONE radio astronomer publish the Doppler calculations of the Wow! signal? Did they not even think of doing it?

Here are the equations, after 48 years:
PDF: Doppler Blueshift Calculations for WOW! signal (1977): [download here]

From Hydrogen Fusion to Alien Signals: A 1977 UFO Enigma Unravels

I have been contemplating the implications of the blue shift observed in the Wow! signal equations, as well as the nature of its source.

Background: this article explains the Wow! signal equations:

So, why would the Wow! signal have been blue-shifted?

Hydrogen-Fusion Drive

1: The signal source is the emission of a hydrogen fusion drive for object deceleration. Hydrogen fusion drives currently exceed human technology. The signal source “object” had a speed similar to that of Apollo capsules during their entry into the Earth’s atmosphere.

I am not categorically suggesting that this “object” entered the atmosphere; rather, I am stating that the speed of the signal source was comparable to that of the Apollo capsules. However, it cannot be excluded that the Wow! signal source (the object the hypothetical fusion drive was attached to) entered the Earth’s atmosphere and landed.

An artist’s rendering of the Apollo command module’s re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere. Image by NASA

Hydrogen Maser

2: The signal source was a hydrogen maser that was approaching the Earth and emitted a signal. The reason for this is unknown. Was extraterrestrial intelligence attempting to attract attention? If so, then why was the signal not repeated?

Image: Space hydrogen maser, ESA


3: As a consequence, were there unusual UFO sightings on or after August 18, 1977? Or did other extraordinary events occur after 18. August 1977?

Image: The Petrozavodsk phenomenon, aka the Jellyfish UFO, September 1977.


A. Two days later, on August 20, 1977, NASA successfully launched the first Voyager spacecraft. It carried a golden record with sounds and images of Earth, intended as a message to any intelligent life form that might encounter it.

Voyager Golden Record

B. On October 6, 1977, the United Nations Assembly debated the existence of UFOs. The researchers presented a proposal to investigate the phenomenon.


C. On November 26, 1977, a strange transmission interrupted a news program on ITN, a British television channel. A distorted voice claiming to be Vrillon, a representative of the Ashtar Galactic Command, replaced the sound.


A, B and C are just some examples that immediately come to mind, when thinking about 1977—they are not inclusive.

Dreams Surpassing Reality: Insights from Loren Eiseley

“Man would not be man if his dreams did not exceed his grasp… If I remember the sunflower forest, it is because from its hidden reaches man arose. The green world is his sacred center. In moments of sanity, he must still seek refuge there.”

– Loren Eiseley, The Invisible Pyramid

One of my favorite authors.

#loreneiseley #anthropology #philosophy #naturalscience

From Abandoned Child to Cosmic Visionary: The Incredible Journey of Eric Habich-Traut!

Eric Habich-Traut is the founder of the Contact Project, established in 2021.
His life is marked by extraordinary experiences and foresight. From his mysterious intrauterine memories to childhood inventions and from UFO sightings to predicting notable disasters, Eric’s journey merges technology, human potential, and cosmic understanding. His encounters with quantum physics have fueled innovative interpretations of unexplained phenomena, including PSI phenomena and interstellar communication. The following chapters are a very small selection from his life:


A Remarkable Origin Story

Eric’s memories go back a long time: together with Ray Bradbury, Salvador Dali, and the founder of the Human Potential Movement, Michael Murphy, Eric shares an experience called an intrauterine experience.

The day of Eric’s birth coincided with the day of Earth’s highest ever nuclear radiation in the atmosphere, according to some records. because the USA and Russia had done so much nuclear testing before. This moment is known as the peak “bomb spike.”


The Seeds of Innovation: Childhood Experimentation with Technology

In 1967, when Eric was three, he found an old telephone in the backyard of his grandparents, and he wired it up using an old battery. He was pleased to make the handset microphone and speaker work.

But his efforts to connect this assemblage to an old umbrella as a satellite dish to call his missing mother, who had abandoned him at the age of two, failed. (It was the 1960s, and satellite dishes were seen everywhere on TV, so that may explain this.)


A Visionary Encounter: UFO Sighting and Its Impact on Eric’s Future

Skipping ahead a few decades to 1986, Eric worked as a freelance electrician in Galway, Ireland, when he had a UFO sighting on his way to Salthill beach.


Predicting the Unpredictable: Eric’s Foreknowledge of Disastrous Events

He must have had some kind of contact experience because subsequently he foresaw the Challenger disaster two weeks prior to it happening from the perspective of astronaut Ronald McNair. 

Judith Resnik (center) trains on the flight deck of the shuttle crew compartment in 1985. Resnik died in an explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986.

The cause of the disaster on the nuclear submarine K219 was also clear to him 2 weeks before the accident: a fire in the galley, maybe caused by a cigarette. Subsequently, the nuclear warheads disappeared from the submarine, lying at the bottom of the ocean at 18000 feet (5.49 km).

It is inexplicable how the warheads disappeared, because no human technology could perform a salvage operation at this depth in 1986.

Careful analysis of the event shows that although the event that led to the sinking of K219 occurred outside the Bermuda Triangle, the submarine subsequently sank in the middle of the Bermuda Triangle, in the Hatteras Abyssal Plain.


Unveiling Unexplained Phenomena:
Eric’s Photographic Evidence of UFOs

In 1995 Eric managed to snap two photos of something in the night sky that was either the world’s fastest blimp at 155 mph (ca. 249 km/h) (blimps travel no more than 50 mph (ca. 80 km/h)) or a UFO. He calculated the speed using triangulation.


Quantum Leap in Understanding
Influences of Quantum Tunneling on Eric’s Theories

In 1999, a Cologne University professor by the name of Günter Nimtz showed him an experiment on quantum tunneling, which deeply formed him. Because the professor says that he sent a faster-than-light signal.


New Frontier in Cosmic Exploration
Eric’s Upcoming Contributions to Cosmological Paradigms

Come 2025, Eric is publishing new math on the Wow! Signal, showing the signal approached Earth with a speed similar to an Apollo capsule during atmospheric entry. And Prof. Nimtz’s superluminal tunneling experiments have become a basis for Eric to explain various PSI phenomena, such as remote viewing, telepathy, channeling, and interstellar communication.

With his wide range of subjects, Eric Habich-Traut is laying the groundwork for a forthcoming book on a paradigm shift in our understanding of the cosmos. This will be his first paper book; everything else he has published thus far is in hypertext, for easy referencing. Eric also likes and thrives on the immediacy of a reader’s response.


Keywords
Eric Habich-Traut, Contact Project, intrauterine experience, UFO sighting, Challenger disaster prediction, K219 submarine, quantum tunneling, PSI phenomena, paradigm shift, interstellar communication, cosmic understanding, Wow! Signal, remote viewing, telepathy, channeling

Cosmic Spaghetti: A Metaphorical Exploration of Wave-Particle Duality and Tunneling

The following are metaphors for string theory and photons. Metaphors are often used to illustrate mathematical concepts. But not all metaphors are treated as equal.

Ray, the Enthusiastic Explainer:

Let’s understand this.
The following metaphors present imaginative illustrations rather than accurate models of how photons, tunneling, or extra dimensions work. It mixes features of quantum mechanics with speculative elements of string theory and does not reflect current scientific understanding.

Imagining Photons

After trying to find a visual model of a point- or line-like photon exhibiting quantum tunneling—and failing in that attempt—I’m going to say that the photon, in its natural state, is like a squiggly (spinning) entity, basically cosmic spaghetti. Not the limp, dinner kind. Instead it’s the al dente sort, wriggling through 4D space with a head and tail like hyperactive space eels! Metaphorically speaking, of course.

The squiggly photon body extends into the 3rd and 4th dimensions. This model explains the point-like particle aspect (the head) and the wave-like aspect (the squiggles) of photon duality.

Kurt, the Bemused Realist:
That visualization is a metaphor and does not correspond to any accepted model in quantum mechanics or string theory. That’s your grand theory of quantum tunneling?

Ray:
Now, when this photon hits a physical barrier, it gets squashed down into the zero and the first dimension, like an egg hitting a brick wall at lightspeed. Splat. The 0D and 1D dimensions don’t know space or time. This enables the photon to tunnel almost instantaneously (faster than light) through solid objects.

That’s a neat metaphor and description for a layperson.

Kurt:
The description of tunneling as a “dimensional compression effect” that results in instantaneous traversal is a metaphorical flourish with no basis in established physics. Why not just say they’re cheating? ‘Oh, pardon me, barrier, just phasing through your atomic structure like a ghost who’s late for yoga—’

Ray:
Science needs drama! The photon’s squiggle gets pressed into the 1st dimension—think of it as the universe’s worst pancake. No space, no time. Poof. It’s through the wall. Faster than light, zero calories.

Kurt:
Your description of the photon hitting a brick wall like an egg is novel and doesn’t form part of current scientific understanding. And physicists haven’t throttled you for this?

Ray:
They’re too busy arguing! Thirty years debating if it’s ‘phase velocity’ or ‘signal velocity,’ or whether or not signals can tunnel through a barrier faster than light. It’s like two parrots squawking ‘causality!’ at each other. “Serious” scientists say that NOTHING under any circumstance can travel faster than light AND transmit information.

Meanwhile, photons are out there, winking through walls like they’ve got a VIP pass to reality. Wave-particle duality is a cornerstone of quantum mechanics (QM), not string theory. I made it into both for illustrative purposes. That’s why the metaphor makes sense in this context.

Kurt:
The statement is correct that wave–particle duality is a concept from quantum mechanics, and invoking it in the context of string theory in the manner described is provocative.

Ray:
The metaphor represents tunneling as a dimensional compression effect.

Kurt:
This currently has no basis in string theory or QM. ‘Dimensional compression’—sounds like my last relationship.

NASA illustration of photons. Looks like tadpoles (I assume that the high energy photon spins faster.)

Ray:
In this illustration from NASA, one photon (purple) carries a million times the energy of another (yellow). NASA are masters of sci-fi concept art. ‘Here’s a purple photon, one million times zingier! It’s got attitude.

Kurt:
Apparently, NASA’s illustrations aim to simplify and motivate discussion; they should not be taken as literal descriptions of photon behavior in advanced physics theories. Science is 5% equations, 95% convincing people the universe is a cartoon using metaphor.

Ray:
So tunneling’s just… cosmic teleportation via existential crisis?

Kurt:
Exactly! The photon’s existential dread collapses it into a dot. Who am I? Where is time? And bam—it’s through the barrier. Existentialism: 1, Physics: 0. Because otherwise, we’d be stuck explaining it with math.  And nobody wants that.

Narrator (Deep Voice):
And thus, the mysteries of quantum mechanics remain.
But at least everyone agreed the metaphors needed a raise.

Exploring the Cosmic Mysteries: an Interview on String Theory and the Nature of Time

Interview with Eric, Citizen Scientist, discussing string theory

Setting: A picturesque villa in Crete, surrounded by lush olive groves and the shimmering Aegean Sea in the distance. The air is filled with the scent of orange blossoms. The gentle rustling of trees sets a tranquil backdrop. Sunlight filters through the open patio, bathing the room in a warm glow as Eric, a passionate citizen scientist, prepares to discuss his ideas.

Interviewer: Thank you for inviting me here in this beautiful setting, Eric. It seems an inspiring place to discuss complex topics like string theory.

Eric: Smiling Thank you! The beauty of nature often sparks curiosity. Now, where shall we begin?

Interviewer: Let’s dive right into string theory. It’s a fascinating area of study. Could you explain the concept of a graviton for us?

Eric: Certainly! In string theory, a graviton is represented by a closed string. Specifically, certain looped particles can function as gravitons. What’s crucial to understand is that elementary particles are viewed simply as different vibrational modes of these one-dimensional strings.

He gestures towards a vibrant garden, where a butterfly flits by, reflecting on the vibrational states of nature.

Eric: The graviton is hypothetically the quantum of gravity. It is identified with a unique vibrational state of a closed string—one whose ends are joined to form a continuous loop. However, not every closed string represents a graviton. There are various states a closed string can exhibit.

Interviewer: It’s interesting how strings can embody multiple states. Now, shifting gears slightly, can you talk about photons?

Eric: Absolutely. Photons, as you might know, travel along paths known as null geodesics. Here in Crete, we have a beautiful view of the horizon. However, photons travel through spacetime in a manner that the spacetime interval along their paths is considered zero.

He pauses, contemplating the waves breaking gently on the shore.

Eric: In general relativity, mass and energy curve spacetime, and photons follow these geodesics. This means that while a photon’s journey might span billions of years from our perspective, it experiences no passage of time itself. Its proper time remains zero.

Interviewer: But surely, that raises questions about the concept of a “photon’s perspective”?

Eric: Precisely! It’s a point of contention. While mathematics suggests that the proper time is zero, it would be misleading to speak of a photon having a perspective or experience. There’s no valid inertial reference frame where a photon is at rest.

He leans back, his eyes scanning the horizon.

Eric: When we consider a photon, even if it has traversed vast distances, it doesn’t actually skip over history. Instead, it follows a well-defined path through the curved spacetime, regardless of its own “clock” being permanently unmoving.

Interviewer: Fascinating. So, do all photons follow straight paths in curved spacetime, or can some form loops?

Eric: In curved spacetime, some photons may indeed follow paths that create loops. This is a characteristic of certain spacetimes with unique properties or topologies. However, this isn’t a universal trait; it heavily depends on the overall structure of spacetime.

As a cool breeze wafts through the patio, he continues.

Eric: In classical string theory, looped strings are intriguingly analogous to gravitons. It’s not that a photon on a loop becomes a graviton, but it opens discussions about the underlying connections between particles.

Interviewer: Speaking of loops, could you elaborate on closed timelike curves (CTCs)?

Eric: Certainly. A closed timelike curve is a theoretical concept in spacetime. If one were to travel along it, you’d return to the same point in both space and time. It is a bit like one of those winding paths leading back to where they started.

The sound of laughter from a nearby group of children playing strikes a balance with the scientific gravity of the conversation.

Eric: Imagine, if you will, time flowing like a straight line from the past to the future. A CTC would allow for a circular time path. Though it presents extraordinary implications, it only arises under very unusual conditions within the solutions of Einstein’s equations in general relativity.

Interviewer: It takes quite some imagination to grasp such ideas! Thank you, Eric, for sharing your insights amidst this beautiful backdrop.

As the sun dips below the horizon, a warm glow , is cast on the villa

They conclude the interview as the sun dips below the horizon, casting a warm glow on the villa. It serves as a perfect metaphor for the blend of time and theories explored.