Just the facts: PDF: Doppler Blueshift Calculations for WOW! signal (1977): download here | Discussion on the paper: Academia.edu
Preamble
In 2022, I published The WOW! signal, Part 1: Not made by humans?. For the longest time (3 years), I wondered why I left the possibility open for “Part 2” instead of just writing “The End.”
It’s now become clear that Part 2 is essential because it includes an important detail that was missing before: EQUATIONS!
Anyone can write anything, but without mathematical equations, it’s just prose. So, here, now, for anyone to check, are the steps required to verify the movement of the Wow! signal towards Earth at 10.526 km/s in 1977.
This truly represents a significant paradigm shift. Previously, the Wow! signal was just the most plausible and only candidate for a radio transmission of non-human extraterrestrial origin in space. Now it is shown that this signal was moving and en route to Earth.
Whatever this means (We Are Not Alone?), it is remarkable that the Doppler calculations on this signal have never been published before. Did the authorities believe it would cause a panic? Let’s find out.
Introduction
The Wow! signal has been the strongest and only serious candidate for ETi radio communication for almost half a century. New calculations support that the Wow! signal may have originated from a moving source heading for Earth, adding to its significance in the search for extraterrestrial life.
The text describes the Wow! signal, a strong radio transmission detected by the Big Ear telescope on August 15, 1977, at a frequency of 1420.4556 MHz, which corresponds to a wavelength of 21.105373 cm. The signal’s expected frequency, based on hydrogen, is 1420405751.768 Hz, translating to a wavelength of 21.106114054160 cm. The Doppler shift calculations yield a speed of approximately 10,526 m/sec (37,893 km/h), suggesting that the signal originated from an object approaching Earth. Shown here are the steps to calculate the Doppler shift speed. For context, the average speed of asteroids is around 18–20 km/s, while comets that impact Earth typically travel at about 30 km/s. In comparison, the human-made Voyager spacecraft 1 and 2 are currently traveling at speeds of 15 to 17 km/s.
Image NASA: example of atmospheric entry, showing the Mars Exploration Rover aeroshell (MER).
For a better understanding, I added the illustration of the Mars Exploration Rover’s entry into the Mars atmosphere. NASA did choose this shape for it’s perfect aerodynamic properties. NASA and who else?
In conclusion, the Wow! signal appears to have originated from an unknown type of moving object that was en route to Earth at a speed of 10.5 km/s, as indicated by observations and these calculations.
Investigations of the Wow! signal to date have not explained the significant Doppler shift of the signal. The Doppler blueshift lessens the possibility of the signal having originated in a “hydrogen cloud.”
Doppler Shift Calculations for Wow! signal (1977), Page 1Doppler Shift Calculations for Wow! signal (1977), Page 2
At a quarter past ten in the evening on August 15, 1977 a once-in-a-lifetime event took place in Delaware:
A very strong signal arrived at the “Big Ear” radio telescope. It had all the characteristics of having come from an extraterrestrial intelligent source.
The OSU Big Ear radio observatory was aligned in North/South direction. The parabolic reflector is in the South.
No one was at the telescope at the time. The receiver and telescope computer were doing their jobs all by themselves. Therefore, the signal was actually first detected by a machine, a twelve-year-old computer.
BITS OF INFORMATION The IBM 1130 had first been built in 1965. It looked and felt like an old battleship. It had only 1 megabyte of memory. For that reason, the only record of the radio signal is a 6-digit printout on endless paper. There’s no audio recording of the signal. Today we would have a complete audio recording of it, measuring megabytes, if not gigabytes. But in those days, just six characters on paper had to suffice as a record.
After a few days, the stack of computer printouts from the Selectric printer was bundled by Big Ear technician Gene Mikesell and brought to Jerry Ehman’s home.
Press to stop printing. An IBM 1130 printer, this was the type used at the Big Ear radio-telescope in 1977.
THE ANALYSIS Jerry Ehman was a SETI volunteer with Ohio State University. Together with Bob Dixon, he had written the software for the Big Ear computer in FORTRAN and assembler.
Around the 19th of August, Jerry began analyzing the printouts from the radio telescope at his home, looking for unusual radio signatures.
A few pages into the pile of paper, he saw a peculiar sequence of numbers and characters.
He was astonished. After highlighting in red pen the six characters “6EQUJ5,” Jerry wrote the notation “Wow!” in the left margin of the computer printout opposite them.
The Wow! signal printout
The characters and numbers denoted a very strong narrow-band transmission. Apparently it had come from outer space. Narrow-band transmissions usually don’t occur naturally and are a sign of artificial origin.
Conventionally speaking, all artificial things are made by humans. That’s because human language, and the Cambridge Dictionary, defines “artificial” as “made by humans.” That definition may have to be revised.
OPTIMUM CHANNEL The Wow! transmission had all the hallmarks of a radio signal from a non-human extraterrestrial civilization. In the 1959 article “Searching for Interstellar Communications,” Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison explained that using the 21 cm hydrogen frequency was a logical choice for SETI.
And that was precisely the frequency of the Wow! signal. It had come from the direction in the sky where the constellation Sagittarius is found.
The Big Ear radio and computer shack.
If we transfer the number codes from the Wow! printout to plotting paper we can see the waxing and waning strength of the 1420 mHz radio beam that reached the radio telescope. Each of the letters and numbers corresponds to a certain signal intensity, as the next graph illustrates.
The signal may have been transmitting for centuries and was never detected because no one looked for it before. The signal source did not move in the sky. The only thing that moved over for 72 seconds was the Earth, rotating majestically from East to West as the radio receiver moved in and out of the signal beam.
And then the signal vanished. Gone. The signal would have been picked up again by the second horn antenna of Big Ear. But it was no longer there.
The rise and fall of the signal we see in the graph above was due to the antenna pattern, the signal itself remained at constant strength.
The graph below shows a similar signal pattern in “OV-221,” the radio source to the right of the Wow! signal. (OV-221 is also known as MSH 19–203 (Mills Slee Hill Radio Sources)).
In this broadband continuum record the Wow! signal does not show up because it is too narrow-band.
Today I’m waiting to hear if OV-221 corresponds to the center of the Milky Way galaxy, Sagittarius A*, but no one seems to know the old radio source designations anymore.
After Jerry Ehman showed the computer printout of the Wow! signal to John Kraus and Bob Dixon, they immediately talked about it, speculating and making hypotheses. Quickly, John and Bob began to investigate the various possibilities.
Dr. John Kraus was a physicist and the designer of the Big Ear radio telescope. He actually invented several types of radio antennas.
Bob Dixon was the director of SETI at Ohio State University radio telescope.
Together they excluded the possibility of the signal having been a plane, planet, asteroid, comet, satellite, spacecraft, ground-based transmitter, or any other known natural source.
Now, since the Wow! signal appeared to be unnatural and no known human cause for it could be found, it was suspected that it could have come from a technological alien civilization.
It was decided to go back to the region in space where the signal had come to see if it could be found again. The scientific method calls for the reproducibility of any experiment or result.
Weeks turned to months, and years into decades as astronomers from all over the world searched the region in space where the Wow! signal had been detected.
The Wow! signal was never found again.
Calculations on the space region of the Wow! signal
Image by The Planetary Society, license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
The Wow! signal was observed for 72 seconds. In this time a region of space equivalent to 18 arcminutes was scanned, according to the following calculations:
24h x 60 min = 1440 mins/day = 86400 sec 360° / 86400 = 0.0041° per second 72 seconds = 0.3°
An arcminute (denoted by the symbol ‘), is an angular measurement equal to 1/60 of a degree or 60 arcseconds. To convert a degree measurement to a minute of arc measurement, we multiply the angle by the conversion ratio.
The angle in minutes of arc is equal to the degrees multiplied by 60: 0.3 x 60 = 18 arcminutes.
As seen from the Earth, the Sun and Moon both have angular diameters of about 30 arcminutes. The full moon’s average apparent size is about 31 arcminutes (or 0.52°).
In other words, the Wow! signal spanned an area of about half the size of the Sun or the Moon, as seen from Earth in the sky. That is a rather large area in astronomy.
On the basis of this simple calculation, I cannot readily agree that the Wow! signal came from a pointlike source. That may or may not be a problem. It can be resolved by agreeing that the resolution of the Big Ear radio telescope was not any better!
The frequency and speed of the Wow! signal source
It’s assumed that aliens that use the hydrogen frequency do so in a manner to compensate for the motion of their planet with respect to the motion of Earth. Otherwise, the precise frequency of the hydrogen becomes higher or lower.
That’s why it’s important to look at the precise frequency of the signal.
Jerry Ehman in 1998 gave a value of 1420.4556±0.005 MHz.
This is (50±5 kHz) above the hydrogen line value of 1420.4058 MHz.
Only one of those frequencies could be the correct one. The explanation of the difference between Ehman’s and Kraus’s values was that a new oscillator had been ordered for the frequency of 1450.4056 MHz.
The university’s purchasing department then made a typographical error in the order and wrote 1450.5056 MHz instead of 1450.4056 MHz. The software used in the experiment was then written to adjust for this error. When Ehman computed the frequency of the Wow! signal, he took this error into account.
After all errors are accounted for, the Doppler shift of 1420.4556 MHz indicates that the Wow! signal source moved at a speed of 37,893 km/h towards Earth. The following calculations show how I arrived at that speed:
Calculations on the Doppler shift of the Wow! signal
The Wow! signal was detected at 1420.4556 MHz. First we need to convert the frequency to the wavelength. The wavelength is given by the frequency and the speed of light, how far one wave crest travels in a given time span.
The frequency of the Wow! signal 1420.4556 MHz is equal to a wavelength of (Δλ) 21.105373 cm. That’s the distance between each wave crest.
The presumed origin signal of hydrogen has a precise frequency of 1420405751.768 Hz, equivalent to the wavelength of (λ) 21.106114054160 cm. Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_line
Now we subtract 299 781 932.02409 m/sec [Doppler shifted Wow! signal speed from v = (Δλ/λ) * c] -299 792 458 m/sec [ speed of light (c)] ______________________
10 526 m/sec = 37 893 km/h or 10.526 km/sec.
Ref. 1: The source of the Wow! signal approached Earth at a speed of 37 893 km/h or 23 545 mph, if the transmission frequency was from hydrogen.
The average speed of asteroids is 18-20 km/s vs. the 10.52 km/s from the Wow! signal. Comets that impact Earth usually are also faster, at 30 km/s.
Imagine, for a moment, a solitary spacecraft drifting beyond the edge of our solar system. Onboard, a golden record spins silently, carrying whispers of human laughter, the songs of whales, and the crackle of a mother’s heartbeat. This artifact, this Voyager, is a testament to our yearning—a bottled message cast into the cosmic ocean. Yet, as it voyages through the interstellar dark, one question lingers like a shadow: If its call were answered, would we truly be ready?
The Fragile Mosaic of “Humanity”
We speak of “humanity” as a single chorus, but ours is a symphony of dissonance and harmony. Seven billion souls, fractured by borders, ideologies, and creeds, yet bound to a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam. Could we, in the face of an extraterrestrial Other, set aside ancient grudges and newfound fears? Or would we splinter further, our divisions magnified under the cold gaze of the universe?
Are we, in our adolescence as a species, prepared to shield our flame—and to recognize the light of another?
Equipped: Beyond Ray Guns and Radio Telescopes
To be “equipped” is not merely to wield the tools of detection—the arrays of antennas listening for faint stellar murmurs or laboratories teasing apart Martian soil for microbial hieroglyphs. It is to cultivate the wisdom to wield them well.
The Moral Universe: Whose Ethics Will Guide Us?
What ethical compass will steer us if we encounter beings whose very biology defies earthly logic? Creatures who breathe methane, communicate in ultraviolet, or perceive time as a spiral rather than an arrow? The Golden Rule, ancient and universal, may falter in the face of such radical difference.
Passive Dreamers or Active Architects?
We are the ones whispering into the void, sending probes and involuntary signals like children skipping stones into a bottomless sea. But what if the sea answers? Have our antennas maybe already picked up a signal—a cosmic “hello”, that may rewrite our theology, science, and philosophy, if understood?
A Call to Cosmic Citizenship
The challenge before us is to mature as a species—to see ourselves not as tribes or nations, but as Earthlings. To recognize that every war, every injustice, and every act of ecological myopia weakens our readiness for the cosmos.
In the words of Sagan, “Our planet is a lonely speck in the great enveloping cosmic dark. In our obscurity, in all this vastness, there is no hint that help will come from elsewhere to save us from ourselves.” The universe does not care if we fail. But if we succeed—if we unite in curiosity, compassion, and foresight—we might yet earn a place among the stars.
So let us gaze upward, not with fear, but with the courage to confront our flaws. Let us craft a future worthy of the cosmos we seek to join. The night sky is alive with possibilities. The question is: Are we?
After all, the stars are not just distant suns. They are mirrors, reflecting back who we are—and who we might become.
Imagine a realm where time and space bend, where particles can travel faster than light. This phenomenon, known as superluminality, is not just a science fiction dream; it touches on the very fabric of reality. Let us explore the astonishing findings of scientists like Thomas Hartman, who illuminated our understanding of quantum tunneling back in 1962.
The Hartman Effect
Quantum tunneling times were first measured by Thomas Elton Hartman in 1962, when he worked for Texas Instruments in Dallas. In “Tunneling of a wave packet,” he described that the time it takes for particles, such as photons, to tunnel through a barrier does not depend on the length of that barrier.
Image: T.E. Hartman (1931 to 2009), Sketch after photo, (c) 2025
When we delve deeper into this strange world of quantum mechanics, it appears that, inside certain barriers, particles can seem to defy our classical understanding of speed—almost as if they are slipping through a cosmic loophole.
As technology has advanced, we’ve been able to measure the tiniest increments of time, leading us to discover that the process of quantum tunneling may allow particles to traverse barriers faster than the speed of light itself.
Recent Revelations with the Larmor Clock
In a recent exploration reported by Quanta Magazine (Quantum Tunnels Show How Particles Can Break the Speed of Light), physicist Dr. Aephraim Steinberg from the University of Toronto made fascinating observations using an ingenious tool called the Larmor clock.
This clock, named after the Irish physicistJoseph Larmor, tracks the spin of particles in magnetic fields. Steinberg found that rubidium atoms take an astonishingly short time—only 0.61 milliseconds—to pass through barriers, significantly faster than they would in empty space. This is consistent with the Larmor clock periods that were theorized in the 1980s!
“In the six decades since Hartman’s paper, no matter how carefully physicists have redefined tunneling time or how precisely they’ve measured it in the lab, they’ve found that quantum tunneling invariably exhibits the Hartmann effect. Tunneling seems to be incurably, robustly superluminal.” Natalie Wolchover
“The calculations show that if you built the barrier very thick, the speedup would allow atoms to tunnel from one side to the other more quickly than light.” Dr. Aephraim Steinberg
These findings raise captivating questions: What happens inside the barrier?
The Nature of the Barrier
When asked about what occurs within this barrier, Horst Aichmann, a colleague of Dr. Nimtz, engaged in a thought-provoking discussion. He noted that, intriguingly, the wave emerging at the end of the tunnel remains in phase with the wave before it entered. What does this mean? It suggests that, somehow, the nature of time might change, or even disappear, in this kind of tunneling scenario.
10. August 2023, 3:03 pm “In our tunneling experiments, the wave exits instantaneously with the same phase at the output of the tunnel and propagates as ‘normal RF’ with a very high loss. Inside the tunnel the question is, What can happen in zero time? Regards, Horst Aichmann”
“Hohlleiter” quantum tunnelling device
“Thank you for your answer. So, taking into account the wavelength and frequency of the signal, you are saying that the apparent superluminal behavior is only manifested inside the tunnel? And the tunnel is the air gap between the prisms? Regards, Eric”
Aug 10, 2023, 4:16 pm “This is correct… the point is, when you look at the phase before and after the tunnel, you see the same phase… We used different pieces between 3 and 15 cm, and they all showed the same result—NO phase change.
Our interpretation is : phase-change = 0 means time = 0
So we have a space with no time, and even more, if this is correct, this space doesn’t have a volume, right??? Horst Aichmann”
I thought about this question for a while and approached the problem from a topological perspective:
“One of my insights appears to be that a tunneling photon particle exits 4-dimensional space as a zero-dimensional point, tunnels as a one-dimensional string (tunnel), to re-emerge as a field/wave into 4D space.”
Erich Habich-Traut
Imagine a world where time and distance lose their meaning, a sort of cosmic fabric where particles flit in and out without the usual constraints of our three-dimensional experience.
This space is a kind of UNIFIER, where neither distance nor time exist. Particles/waves pass in and out of this dimension throughout the whole universe, continuously.
The QUANTUM REALM
This drift into the unknown brings us to the idea of the quantum realm—a space that defies our ordinary perceptions. Here, particles move freely and continuously, creating waves that may carry hidden information from a realm beyond our comprehension. Think of it as a bridge between dimensions, where everything is interconnected in a timeless tapestry.
Some quanta (particles/waves) traverse this one-dimensional space region continuously, simply by hitting a barrier, generating an evanescent wave. I posit that tunneled quanta carry information from this superluminal traversal.
They have been to a strange place, from our perspective, the quantum realm. They have been to a one-dimensional space without time. Where everything is everywhere and everywhen at once.
Quantum mechanical effects in the quantum realm of the fictional Marvel universe are said to become significant at scales of less than 100 nanometers. In reality, it depends on the size of the system.
So, there is a very significant quantum mechanical effect without which life on Earth would not be possible.
The filaments of a human neuron have a diameter of approx. 10 nanometers, that is, 500 to 1000 times smaller. And there are quantum effects at play as well.
The Hard Problem of Consciousness
Now, we come to a deeply philosophical question: What about consciousness? Where does it originate, and where does it go? This mystery, often regarded as the “Hard Problem,” seeks to unravel the connection between our thoughts and the biological machinery of our brains.
Could it be that consciousness arises from our brain’s ability to connect through waves that traverse a bizarre one-dimensional realm? If so, this suggests that even the simplest forms of life could be imbued with consciousness—almost like tiny sparks of awareness fluttering in the dark. Consciousness. Where does it come from, and where does it go?
Cuneiform: the first human writing looked like the pyramidal neurons that invented writing.
“I posit that human consciousness arises because of its connection via neurons and other brain structures to a one-dimensional time- and space-less realm via evanescent waves. From this quantum realm, information is transported into our world.”
Erich Habich-Traut
If this hypothesis is correct, then any entity generating (electromagnetic) waves or energy could be able to attain or access consciousness. Even midichloria amoeba, the ancestors of mitochondria that produce ATP in the human cell, can attain consciousness. CPU’s and GPU’s also are subject to this phenomenon, to a degree.
The Quest for Superluminal Communication
Imagine a universe where some particles can slip through barriers as if they weren’t there at all—not constrained by space or time, but instead playing a game of hide-and-seek with reality. This idea, once the realm of science fiction, is rooted in a peculiar feature of quantum mechanics known as superluminal tunneling.
Herbig-Haro 46/47: Galactic question mark.
Dr. Aephraim Steinberg suggests that while a single particle tunneling through a barrier can perform this astonishing feat, it doesn’t carry information across open space in the traditional sense. Much like a whisper that gets lost before it reaches someone’s ear, a single tunneling particle cannot communicate “through the air.”
And this raises fascinating questions: What if we could harness the quantum tunneling phenomenon for communication? Think about our dreams of sending instant messages to a Mars mission or receiving signals from distant stars. Such superluminal signals could revolutionize how we explore the cosmos.
For years, I pondered this intriguing possibility. I considered the cosmic microwave background—a faint whisper of radiation from the Big Bang itself. This background noise, emanating from every corner of the universe, resembles a symphony of frequencies, stretching from 300 MHz in our familiar TV bands to a staggering 630 GHz. Yet, despite the universe’s vastness, we find that these free-range superluminal waves simply do not manifest.
MICROCOSM
This leads us to another realm—the microcosm of the brain! Recently, I stumbled upon research that revealed something remarkable: evanescent waves exist within the intricate landscape of our brains, says the WETCOW research paper. These fleeting waves thrive in places where electromagnetic energy flows—like living cells, plants, and even the very processors that power our computers. They thrive in the cosmos as a whole and in particular.
Do these faster-than-light waves violate the fundamental principles of general relativity? Professor Steinberg assures us, “Not at all.” True superluminal signalling would require that these waves exceed their own wavelength, a feat that, given our current understanding, is beyond reach. Instead, these evanescent waves remain within the standard limits of light speed, rendering them undetectable after a brief flash—much like a firefly in the dark that illuminates, only to dim swiftly and become undetectable.
So, under ordinary circumstances, the superluminal evanescent wave is within the normal speed wave as shown in this illustration (d):
The tunneled signal versus time of a normal airborne photon moving from right to left, d arrives before the main wave ←
The tunneled signal doesn’t have time to overtake the wave, because evanescent waves are, well, evanescent. They vanish; vanishing is the meaning of the word “evanescent.” For this reason they don’t violate causality or general relativity.
Yet, before they vanish, something thrilling happens: these evanescent waves can travel at astonishing speeds. As we discovered earlier, they are faster-than-light. Within the maze of the brain, where one cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains, on average, 126,823 neurons, there lies the potential for extraordinarily fast signal processing. These tiny structures interact in ways that might facilitate a form of communication that transcends boundaries.
And this is the really exciting thing: superluminal information transmission inside the brain is possible. Because there are a vast number of structures in brains that can process these signals within the dimensions of the wavelength.
Evanescent fields, as these waves are also called, match the dimensions of typical biomolecular components such as DNA, peptides, proteins, and neurons.
“The immense processing speed of the human brain can in part or wholly be explained by superluminal signal transmission.”
Erich Habich-Traut
EVANESCENT WAVE DECAY: A Journey into the Invisible
In the grand exploration of the cosmos, we encounter a variety of phenomena, many of which elude our senses and challenge our understanding. One such elusive entity is the evanescent wave or field.
But why do these delicate waves dissipate so quickly? Could it be that as they travel, they encounter an unseen resistance, much like a boat moving through water? When we push any object through a stationary medium, we are faced with a palpable force that resists our efforts—the inertia of the medium itself. For instance, if you were to drop a drop of ink into a still glass of water, you would witness the ink spread out in a beautiful, swirling dance. This occurs not because the ink wishes to disperse, but because it encounters the very resistance of the water.
Is the dispersal of the evanescent wave caused by the very inertia or viscosity of four-dimensional space that the evanescent wave meets after departing the quantum tunnel?
Wait a few moments and think about it. How could you prove this analogy?
In our exploration of physics, we often encounter different types of waves. Traditional radiowaves, for instance, decay in strength according to the square of the distance traveled from their source. This means that as we move twice as far away, the signal grows weaker by a factor of four. In stark contrast, evanescent waves exhibit a more dramatic decline. They vanish exponentially, their presence fading far more rapidly than their traditional counterparts, like candles snuffed out by an unexpected gust of wind.
You could try to find a waveform that decays in the same manner.
A bit of research reveals that ocean waves decay exponentially:
In fact, evanescent waves decay in a manner strikingly similar to ocean waves. And isn’t this a beautiful analogy?
How do we leap from one idea to another? How do we embrace concepts before we have the rigorous proof to back them? The answer often lies in thought experiments—powerful mental journeys that spark our curiosity and lead us to hypotheses.
A hypothesis is an educated assumption, a stepping stone laid down on the path toward discovery. But each hypothesis must withstand the rigor of experimental testing, where it can be examined and repeated by others who venture down the same road.
In our pursuit of understanding, let us engage in a bit of whimsy. Instead of merely imagining a boat sailing through water, picture instead a large beast—a cow.
Yes, a “WET COW!” As amusing as this image may be, it illustrates a critical point about weakly evanescent cortical waves.
While the original authors of the WETCOW model did not explicitly reference the concept of superluminality in relation to evanescent waves, our exploration of these ideas reveals intriguing connections, challenging the boundaries between established science and novel discoveries.
CONSEQUENCES: The Cosmic Implications of Our Findings
The faster-than-light origin of evanescent brainwaves is not required to make the Galinsky/Frank WETCOW model work.
Rather, their nature serves as a lens through which we can glimpse the remarkable speed at which our brains process information and engage with the fabric of consciousness itself.
In the realm of quantum physics, we encounter the symbol Ψ (Psi), representing the probabilistic wave function—a mysterious mathematical entity that conveys the uncertainties of existence. Yet, in parapsychology, this same symbol symbolizes the unknown factor behind supernatural experiences that science has yet to explain.
Amidst this landscape, we confront extraordinary phenomena such as precognition—the tantalizing ability to glimpse the future. In a world ruled by cause and effect, how do we reconcile these seemingly paradoxical episodes? The presence of evanescent waves offers a tantalizing possibility: what if, within their strange nature, reversals of cause and effect are not just fanciful musings but rather probabilities we must reconsider?
“As we explore the mysteries of faster-than-light phenomena, we may encounter even more extraordinary discoveries. For instance, quantum entanglement—a proven physical phenomenon—and its speculative psychological analog, telepathy, could both arise from the unified topological structure of a zero-brane, as described in certain models of theoretical physics.”
Erich Habich-Traut
The cosmos brims with tantalizing enigmas waiting for us to uncover, and it beckons us to explore worlds where the boundaries of time and space may expand beyond our wildest imaginings.
So let us remain curious, my friends, as we venture forth together into the vastness, unearthing the secrets of the universe and nurturing the spark of discovery that lies within us all.
After reading about the concept of superluminal brainwaves and the potential implications of evanescent waves in the context of consciousness and quantum tunneling, what are your thoughts on the interplay between neuroscience and quantum physics? Do you find the idea of faster-than-light communication within our brains plausible, or do you think it remains in the realm of science fiction? How do you believe these theories could influence our understanding of consciousness and intelligence? Additionally, consider the ethical implications of such advancements in brainwave technology—what concerns or opportunities come to mind?
The year 1977 was a remarkable time for those fascinated by the possibility of extraterrestrial life. A series of events, both earthbound and celestial, captivated the imagination of people around the world. These events sparked a renewed interest in the search for life beyond our planet.
It began on August 15, 1977, when a strong, narrowband radio signal was detected by a radio telescope at Ohio State University. Dubbed the “Wow!” signal, it remains one of the most intriguing examples of an unexplained signal in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI).
Just five days later, on August 20, 1977, NASA launched the first Voyager space probe. It carried a Golden Record containing sounds and images of Earth, intended as a message to any intelligent life form that might encounter it.
As the year progressed, the United Nations Assembly debated the existence of UFOs. A proposal to study the phenomenon was presented on October 6, 1977, as reported by The New York Times. This marked a significant moment in the history of UFO research. It brought the topic into the mainstream and sparked a global conversation about the possibility of extraterrestrial life.
The release of Steven Spielberg’s movie “Close Encounters of the Third Kind” on November 16, 1977, further fueled the public’s fascination with UFOs and alien life. The film’s depiction of a peaceful encounter between humans and extraterrestrials resonated with audiences. It helped to shape the cultural narrative around the topic. It’s iconic 5-note melody by John Williams is famous to this day.
But perhaps the most bizarre and unexplained event of the year occurred on November 26, 1977, when a strange broadcast interrupted a news program on ITN, a British television network. At 5:10 p.m. GMT, a deep buzzing sound replaced the audio. This was followed by a distorted voice claiming to be Vrillon, a representative of the Ashtar Galactic Command. The voice delivered a message of peace and wisdom, stating,
“For many years, you have seen us as lights in the skies. We speak to you now in peace and wisdom, as we have done to your brothers and sisters all over this, your planet Earth.”
While the “authenticity” of this broadcast remains a topic of debate, it has become a fascinating footnote in the history of UFO research.
The broadcast itself may have been achieved by technological hacks. Nevertheless, its 1977 message is thought-provoking and still valid today:
It speaks about the need for humanity to come together in peace and harmony to avoid disaster. The message also discusses entering a new age of enlightenment, referred to as the “New Age of Aquarius.” The speaker warns about the presence of false prophets and guides who may exploit people’s energy and resources. The message encourages listeners to be aware of their choices, to protect themselves, and to use their imagination to create a better world.
A well-researched podcast about the Southern Television Broadcast interruption is found here:
Archive: The Interruption | Stak
On 26th November 1977, a mysterious alien voice calling itself “Vrillon” broke onto the Five O’Clock News. Vrillon had a simple warning for the viewers of Southern Television: live in peace or leave the galaxy. For forty-five years, those responsible have not been identified. Tommie Trelawny has reopened the case.
Whether or not 1977 was truly a year of contact, it was undoubtedly a year that sparked a renewed interest in extraterrestrial life and intelligence. It continues to inspire scientific inquiry and popular fascination to this day.
The Grandfather Paradox / How Does Time Travel Work? / How to Travel Into the Future / 1. The Waiting Game / 2. Time Dilation / 3. Suspended Animation / 4. Traveling as a Time Tourist / 5. Changing History Through Time Dilation
The Grandfather Paradox
The grandfather paradox raises a troubling question: What would happen if you traveled back in time and killed your grandfather? In that scenario, your grandfather would indeed be dead, just as he would be if you killed him in the present. However, this creates an inconsistency—you would still exist, since you’ve already been born. Essentially, you cannot simply “unborn” yourself. This is a basic question when considering how does time travel work.
How Does Time Travel Work?
To travel back in time, you would need a superluminal vehicle, which is capable of moving faster than the speed of light. To reach your intended destination, you must aim it at specific coordinates in both space and time. It’s important to note that Earth and the solar system are constantly moving at high velocities through the cosmos. Fortunately, superluminal vehicles can match these speeds.
To successfully arrive at your destination without incident, precise timing is essential. As you plan your journey further back in time, the calculations become increasingly complex. To ensure safe arrival, it’s advisable to target the space surrounding Earth rather than the planet itself to avoid collision. Ultimately, you would need to use a smaller ship to land. You would approach Earth from outer space.
How to Travel Into the Future
There are several methods to travel into the future—specifically, five intriguing ways, explaining different aspects of how does time travel work.
1. The Waiting Game
The simplest method is to simply wait. All of us are constantly moving into the future at a steady pace of one second per second. While our mental states can influence how we perceive the passage of time, the rate at which time moves remains consistent for everyone. However, time does flow differently depending on gravitational conditions. For instance, at sea level, time passes more slowly than it does at the top of a mountain, where gravity’s influence is weaker.
2. Time Dilation
Time dilation offers another fascinating approach. If you’re inside a moving object, such as an airplane or a rocket ship, time slows down for you relative to those who remain stationary. If you were to accelerate that rocket ship to the speed of light, time would effectively come to a standstill for the occupants. Upon returning to the launch site after traveling at near-light speed, you would find that everyone left behind has aged significantly. If the journey lasted for many centuries, those back on Earth would have experienced the full passage of that time. Meanwhile, you remained unchanged. This principle is critical in understanding how time travel works in theory.
3. Suspended Animation
Another method involves suspended animation. Our bodies age and progress through time at a constant rate due to our metabolism and the Brownian motion occurring within our cells. By slowing down or halting these processes, one could enter a deep sleep and awaken decades or even centuries later, having aged not a moment.
Returning from Your Past After Time Travel When it comes to returning to the future after time travel, there are two scenarios to consider, depending on your intentions. One involves traveling as a tourist. The other, aiming to change history.
4. Traveling as a Time Tourist
In this scenario, you commandeer a faster-than-light spacecraft. Direct it toward the approximate position in space where Earth will be after a millennium. Since you can’t perceive where Earth will be in a thousand years—because it hasn’t reached that point yet from your current perspective—you must rely on your knowledge of the timeline. If you traveled to the past using a faster-than-light spacecraft and then returned, you would find that, despite any previous changes, like hypothetically killing your grandfather, the course of history remains remarkably unchanged. Your grandfather would still be alive. You’d walk away with a fascinating story to tell.
5. Changing History Through Time Dilation
5. **Changing History Through Time Dilation** Conversely, if you choose to travel from your past into the future via the time dilation method—perhaps by orbiting Earth at near-light speed—you would arrive in a timeline drastically altered by your actions. In this case, you might find yourself in a “beta universe” where your grandfather never existed. Consequently, neither would you. While you could observe this altered reality, it doesn’t pose a problem since you hail from a different branch of the multiverse (the “alpha universe”). Thus, even though you have no place in the beta universe, your past experiences in another universe endow you with a unique perspective. It’s a critical aspect when debating how time travel works across different realities.
By understanding and leveraging these methods, the concept of time travel transcends mere science fiction. It invites us to explore the mysteries of our existence and the nature of time itself. This essentially answers the question: how does time travel work?
Quantum time travel: The experiment to ‘send a particle into the past’
Time loops have long been the stuff of science fiction. Now, using the rules of quantum mechanics, we have a way to effectively transport a particle back in time – here’s how
Astronaut Butch Wilmore heard odd noises coming from Boeing’s Starliner spaceship that was attached to the International Space Station on Saturday, August 31, 2024. He commented, “I do not know what is making it.”
We know about this because space geek Rob Dale wrote some software that listens to the NASA communications from the International Space Station. It trims out the silent gaps and uploads that to a public server. Rob says that he is the only one in the world doing this; otherwise, we would never have heard about this story. It would still be behind NASA’s closed doors.
NASA astronaut Butch Wilmore reported hearing unusual sounds from the Starliner spacecraft on Saturday. He was docked at the International Space Station.
He inquired about the source of the noises to Mission Control. They confirmed to be able to listen in through a hardline connection.
There were clear, sonar-like pinging sounds when Wilmore held his microphone up to the speaker.
We are going to listen to those sounds.
Although the origin of these sounds remains unclear, they are likely harmless and reminiscent of similar occurrences reported by astronauts in the past.
Many people thought that the sounds were very similar to the sounds from the 1997 Carl Sagan movie “Contact.”.
It was not immediately clear what was causing the odd and somewhat eerie noise on Starliner.
Given the ongoing challenges with the Starliner mission, including helium leaks and thruster issues, it was recently announced that the spacecraft will return to Earth autonomously on September 6, 2024, without its original crew.
Wilmore and fellow astronaut Suni Williams will return to Earth in February aboard a Crew Dragon spacecraft.
Update: On Monday, September 2, NASA released the following statement regarding the strange noises: “A pulsing sound from a speaker in Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft that NASA astronaut Butch Wilmore heard aboard the International Space Station has stopped.” The feedback from the speaker was the result of an audio configuration between the space station and Starliner.
Why has nobody built rotating spacecraft to simulate gravity?
Pictured: a fairground ride from the 1950’s, I call it a GRAVITY DRUM.
A whole spacecraft is expensive to rotate, but small spaces on space stations or ships could easily be rotated.
Can those small spaces be big enough to provide meaningful and healthy artificial gravity?
From my physics knowledge I recall that gravity and acceleration are the same.
If I remember correctly, 1 g is equal to an acceleration of 9.81m/sec per second. In other words, a wheel with a circumference of 10 meters would have to be spun about once per second to simulate 1 g in Zero gravity? Not quite.
Alas, it’s a bit more complicated than that, and thankfully we don’t have to spin the wheel quite so fast. That’s a bonus!
Here are a few handy calculators to work out wheel sizes and rotation rates to simulate Earth gravity:
SpinCalc, solves for gravity, radius and rotation rate,
A wheel with a circumference of 10 meters would have a diameter of 3.18 meters. This would be a handy size for artificial gravity experiments, even on Earth.
Would it be comfortable to spend any time in this? The wheel should rotate at about 24 RPM to simulate 1 g. It could be compartmentalized in to 1 x 2 meter beds, holding ten crew.
So at least during their rest period spacefarers would have the benefit of normal gravity. The astronauts are lying on the inside of the wheel, a bit like in the fairground ride illustration but with more privacy.
We know that the negative effects of zero gravity are really serious and numerous. Even 2.5 hours of daily treadmill exercise are insufficient to prevent these effects:
fluid redistribution: Bodily fluids shift from the lower extremities toward the head. This precipitates many of the problems described below .
fluid loss: The brain interprets the increase of fluid in the cephalic area as an increase in total fluid volume. In response, it activates excretory mechanisms.
electrolyte imbalances: Changes in fluid distribution lead to imbalances in potassium and sodium and disturb the autonomic regulatory system .
cardiovascular changes: An increase of fluid in the thoracic area leads initially to increases in left ventricular volume and cardiac output. As the body seeks a new equilibrium, fluid is excreted, the left ventricle shrinks and cardiac output decreases.
red blood cell loss: Blood samples taken before and after American and Soviet flights have indicated a loss of as much as 0.5 liters of red blood cells.
muscle damage: Muscles atrophy from lack of use. Contractile proteins are lost and tissue shrinks. Muscle loss may be accompanied by a change in muscle type.
bone damage: Because the mechanical demands on bones are greatly reduced in micro gravity, bones essentially dissolve.
hypercalcemia: Fluid loss and bone demineralization conspire to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood.
immune system changes: Loss of T-cell function may hamper the body’s resistance to cancer — a danger exacerbated by the high-radiation environment of space .
interference with medical procedures: Bacterial cell membranes become thicker and less permeable, reducing the effectiveness of antibiotics.
vertigo and spatial disorientation: Without a stable gravitational reference, crew members experience arbitrary and unexpected changes in their sense of verticality.
space adaptation syndrome: About half of all astronauts and cosmonauts are afflicted. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, headache, malaise, drowsiness, lethargy, pallor and sweating.
loss of exercise capacity: This may be due to decreased motivation as well as physiological changes.
degraded sense of smell and taste: The increase of fluids in the head causes stuffiness similar to a head cold.
weight loss: Fluid loss, lack of exercise and diminished appetite result in weight loss. Space travelers tend not to eat enough.
flatulence: Digestive gas cannot “rise” toward the mouth and is more likely to pass through the other end of the digestive tract “very effectively with great volume and frequency” .
facial distortion: The face becomes puffy and expressions become difficult to read, especially when viewed sideways or upside down.
changes in posture and stature: The neutral body posture approaches the fetal position. The spine tends to lengthen.
changes in coordination: Earth-normal coordination unconsciously compensates for self-weight. In weightlessness there is a tendency to reach too “high” .
Compared to these adverse effects of zero gravity, here are some studies by a psychologist named Graybiel from 1977 on the effects of rotating a human on his own axis here on Earth, like on a spit (from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1980-22567-001).
GRAYBIEL ROTATION COMFORT ZONES
Graybiel concluded that 1.0 RPM: even highly susceptible subjects were symptom-free, or nearly so 3.0 RPM: subjects experienced symptoms 5.4 RPM, only subjects with low susceptibility performed well 10 RPM, adaptation presented a challenging but interesting problem. Even pilots without a history of air sickness did not fully adapt in a period of twelve days.
The “adaption” that Graybiel is talking about is the getting used to the absence of the rotation, after the body had been spun.
What that feels like we all remember from childhood.:
Pirouette
I must say that spit rotating a human on his own axis in the horizontal under the influence of Earth gravity is most likely to be very far removed from what a human may experience in an artificial gravity drum in weightless space.
I’d go as far as to say that Graybiel’s rotation comfort zones have absolutely nothing to do whatsoever with artificial gravity by centripetal force. All he proved in his paper “Somatosensory motion after-effect following earth-horizontal rotation about the Z-axis” is that the after effect of spinning someone rapidly is disorientation of the vestibular system of the ear, leading to dizziness, aka vertigo.
But let’s see if these Graybiel’s comfort zone figures can be applied. The SpaceX Mars rocket is going to have a diameter of 9 meters. Would it be possible to create a comfortable habitat for sleeping or resting spacefarers within the confines of this rocket?
A 9 meter drum would need to rotate at 14 RPM to simulate 1 g, or at 8 RPM to achieve 1/3 of Earth gravity. Graybiel’s findings would indicate that the space available on the SpaceX Mars rocket would be too small.
However, I believe that the gravity (centripetal force) acting on the body as it lies down, not spinning about itself and on one level , will be more comfortable than twirling rapidly around one’s own axis.
In Drum Gravity Bed Units there would be no head-to-foot acceleration gradient.
DRUM GRAVITY BED UNITS The drum gravity bed units are conceived of as an add-on module to a spacecraft or space station, be it in transit, orbit or on the Moon, Mars or asteroids to provide more natural gravity.
Have prototypes of this concept been built?
In a certain way: Yes! The first picture in this post is a fairground attraction from the 1950’s.
Did humanity really forget from the ’50s how easy and fun it is to enjoy artificial gravity? Apparently the fairground visitors subjected themselves to the experience voluntarily and enjoyed it.
“Rotor Ride”
Simple gravity devices like this could help spacefarers to maintain their health, after the device is tweaked.
Here are the calculations on the von Braun wheel from 1952 used in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey:
They envisioned a rotating wheel with a diameter of 76 meters (250 feet). The 3-deck wheel would revolve at 3 RPM to provide artificial one-third gravity. It was envisaged as having a crew of 80.
Fast forward 70 years (not much has happened since the 1950’s):
SAHC HUMAN CENTRIFUGE The SAHC human centrifuge began testing and operations in about 2020. It’s to investigate the tolerability and use of artificial gravity on astronauts and their health, to counter the effects of weightlessness. What’s taken so long?
The machine measures 5.6 meters in diameter. It would be small enough to put in the SpaceX Mars rocket. But it needs a few more seats.
With the Short-Arm Human Centrifuge (SAHC) in Cologne — provided by the ESA — artificial gravity will be created to afford fundamental research in medicine and human physiology. The main focus is on the possibility to extend e.g. bed-rest studies to test methods of artificial gravity based counter-measures for medical risks due to weightlessness.
Technical data:
Max. radius at outer perimeter: 2,8 m Max. overall payload: 550 kg
Max. centrifugal acceleration (foot level, test subject height 185 cm): 4.5 g Max. revolution of centrifuge rotor (software limit): 39 rpm
Scientific applications
Development of effective countermeasures for neuromuscular and skeletal degeneration of astronauts using Artificial Gravity, etc…
Don’t Be Afraid of Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence | Douglas Vakoch
Dr. Vakoch is President of Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI).
“As astronomers launch ambitious projects for Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence, alarmists worry that transmitting intentional radio and laser signals into space may provoke an alien invasion. These critics overlook one fundamental fact: it’s too late to hide.”
Dr. Vakoch, Feb 3, 2020
Dr. Vakoch is currently not associated with the ‘Contact Project & Initiative’. His statement was directed at the fact that humanity has been announcing it’s presence via radio signals to our cosmic neighborhood for the last 100 years. He did not mean to imply that Alien presences are already here.
This is what the Contact Project & Initiative is about: The Mission of ‘The Contact Project & Initiative’ is to investigate UAPs/UFOs on every frequency, using real-time tracking, radio receivers and transmitters, HD video, HD images, optical and radio telescopes and passive & active radar, so that the question of the nature and origin of UAP can be answered without doubts.
The engine of this initiative will be an app custom designed to coordinate real-time reporting, alerting, documenting and contacting efforts.
Anyone can take part, there’ll be a public as well as a science data channel. The goal of the ‘Contact Initiative’ is to gather high quality evidence.
To do this every frequency will be scanned, including the 1420 Mhz hydrogen waterhole, which is legal as long as it’s done passively. If transmissions are found, the next step is to discover if UAPs react to radio transmissions. Broadcasting at a frequency of 1420 MHz is illegal under international law, however.
Should the UAP respond to transmissions on HAM or CB radio amateur frequencies, great! But what if it doesn’t?
To have any chance to stay legal under current law and to be able to broadcast at 1420 Mhz the UAP position data must be forwarded in real time to SETI for further investigation.
Actually, a memorandum should be drafted to provide for an exception to broadcast on 1420 Mhz for METI purposes. The relevant article of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is recommendation RA.769 :Protection criteria used for radio astronomical measurements
What does the Contact Project want to do? We want to do METI (messaging ETi) with a target that’s already here, UAPs. We don’t have to worry about attracting the attention of “hostile” aliens by messaging them as they already know of us, if that’s what UAPs/UFOs are.
As things go, this possibility wasn’t seriously considered by the METI organization in 2015, because the subject of UAPs was still considered too crackpot then.
So, the statement issued by the METI organization regarding messaging extraterrestrial intelligence only covers targets outside of Earth’s atmosphere (statement here).
Since then, in 2021, this outlook has changed somewhat by the release of a preliminary assessment of the American Director of National Intelligence on UAPs (assessment here).
The METI statement called for a worldwide scientific, political and humanitarian discussion about the implications of messaging ET, before anything should be initiated. Arguably, since UAPs first made headlines in 1947 there’s been a worldwide discussion about “them” for over 75 years.
A lot of that time much of humanity reacted like an ostrich, sticking it’s head in the sand when hearing UFO reports. Or like three monkeys. Which comparison do we prefer?
Wisdom?
Did it never occur to anyone that these phenomena may be more than swamp gas or the result of delusions? Sadly, as a result of the swamp gas hypothesis, the METI statement covers only METI targets outside of Earth.
METI might wish to reconsider their statement. Because currently there seems to be no position on contacting UAPs, to the best of my knowledge.
METI says: ETI’s reaction to a message from Earth cannot presently be known.
If extraterrestrial civilizations have a presence on Earth in the form of UAPs/UFOs or drone-like von Neumann probes they will certainly be able to monitor our news and events. We already know that there was no reaction from UAPs/UFOs to the Voyager space probes and the Golden Records.
METI says: We know nothing of ETI’s intentions and capabilities, and it is impossible to predict whether ETI will be benign or hostile.
Experience shows that when UAP are pursued by military jet fighters they don’t react hostile. Civilian planes are not attacked either. It’s reasonable to assume that the intelligence behind UAPs is mostly benign.
“The threat to humanity from each other is magnitudes greater than from ETi. That hasn’t and shouldn’t stop us from talking to each other and that includes ETi.”
The Contact Project
GALACTIC FEDERATION? All sorts of explanations about UFOs and their prospective occupants have been given, from the no-contact rule of a Galactic Federation to higher dimensional frequencies that mortals can join only after exhaustive preparation.
Healthy skepticism is of course in order as most sightings have a prosaic explanation, ranging from misidentifications to pranks and hoaxes. But they don’t account for every sighting.
To admit in 2021 that some UAP cannot be explained was a major step forward by the US government.
The Contact Initiative wants to find out if there is just one UAP that will respond to radio transmissions. And that is easy.
And to prepare for the possibility of a positive response from an UAP? Not so easy.
I’m excited to share a fresh perspective on the Contact Project. While many gaze into the vast expanse of space, searching light-years away for evidence of extraterrestrial life, I believe we should look closer to home. Yes, radio astronomy may one day unveil the whispers of alien civilizations beyond our solar system, but in my view, Earth is already a crossroads for extraterrestrial visitors.
We don’t need to venture far to find “ET.”
THE E.T. MOVIE PHONE
Radio amateur Henry Feinberg explains the communicator he built for the movie “ET: The Extraterrestrial.” Have you ever wondered how quickly the mothership responded to ET’s call? The E.T. movie phone can transmit actual messages into space to orbiting saucers. Doesn’t that sound ludicrous?
E.T.’s mothership wasn’t actually very far from Earth. That’s how he was rescued so quickly. The banner for the Contact Project embodies this very idea. What many see as a simple child’s toy, reminiscent of the beloved movie “E.T. The Extraterrestrial,” is, in fact, a working communications device capable of sending signals into Earth orbit.
I’m not saying that we should build this contraption. But the idea that it may be possible to contact ETi by sending radio signals is the core idea of this website, the “ContactProject.Org.”
In the world of science and technology communication, Henry Feinberg (call sign K2SSQ) shines brightly. A true innovator at heart, he crafted the remarkable communicator featured in the film “E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.”
How to built a ET communicator, according to a radio ham
Using everyday household items, Henry pieced together an ingenious device that could transmit E.T.’s iconic “phone home” signal. The communicator consists of three distinct components. At its core lies a modified Speak and Spell, with its keys reconfigured to form an entirely new alphabet.
From each key, Henry connected wires to another pivotal piece—the programmer. This unconventional programmer is built atop a turntable, but instead of a record, it features a saw blade adorned with multiple coats of insulating spray paint.
Henry crafted openings in the saw blade that correspond to specific letters. As the turntable spins, the saw blade passes under a row of Bobby pins, which contact and activate the Speak and Spell just as if one were pressing the buttons directly. Adding to the complexity of this creation, Henry ingeniously fashioned a ratchet system using a knife and fork hinged together. As the turntable rotates, the knife and fork pivot back and forth, precisely indexing the saw blade to generate the next letter of the message.
To further enhance his creation, Henry attached a rope to a nearby tree branch in the forest. As the wind rustled through the trees, it pulled the branch back and forth, gently advancing the saw blade tooth by tooth. With this setup, he not only programmed a message but also needed to transmit it across the cosmos.
For the transmission, Henry utilized a speaker-microphone from a CB walkie-talkie that belonged to Elliott. He ingeniously routed the signal to a UHF TV tuner—an ingenious piece that E.T. had “borrowed” from Elliott’s mother’s television set. This tuner elevated the signal from the CB frequency into the microwave range, channeling it into a coffee can that vibrated to amplify the transmission.
Finally, the message was funneled through an umbrella lined with a reflective coating, which directed the signal outward into the vastness of outer space. Each component harmonized beautifully, showcasing not only Henry’s talent as an inventor but also the enduring possibilities of communication across galaxies.
From: “Creating a Satellite Dish Using an Umbrella”
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